Anal glands are two small pouches on either side of the anus. The oily, brown fluid they secrete helps dogs identify each other and mark their territory.

Responsible for maintaining balance, posture and the body’s orientation in relation to the horizon. The vestibular system is comprised of a receptor, located close to the middle ear, a short nerve and the lower stem of the brain. Also known as ‘old-dog vestibular syndrome’ or ‘canine idiopathic vestibular syndrome’.

Ununited anconeal process (UAP) is a condition in which a bony protuberance within the elbow becomes detached from the ulna bone. This loose bony fragment damages the inside of the joint. UAP is a component of elbow dysplasia.

The combination of walking on a treadmill while surrounded in water. The warmth of water provides a medium that assists with pain relief and the reduction of muscle spasm. By semi-immersing a patient in a pool, buoyancy support can be regulated to the individual patient’s support needs, facilitating mobility and creates a more optimum environment for normal movement patterns. Beneficial …

The thinner of two bones between the elbow and wrist, the thicker being the radius.

THR is a surgical procedure in which the arthritic hip joint surfaces are replaced with a new prosthetic ball and socket in the femur and pelvis. The prosthesis is designed to fit precisely and mimics the anatomy of the original joint. The arthritic joint is pain free after total hip replacement.

Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) is a surgery performed on dogs to stabilise the stifle joint after rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. During TTA the tibial tuberosity is advanced, which changes the angle of the patellar ligament to neutralise the tibiofemoral shear force during weight bearing. A titanium cage is used to advance the tibial tuberosity and a titanium plate …

TPLO is a surgery performed on dogs to stabilize the stifle joint after rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. During TPLO the tibial plateau, the portion of the tibia adjoining the stifle, is cut and rotated so that its slope changes to approximately 5 degrees from the horizontal plane. This prevents the femur from sliding down the slope of the …

The bone between the knee and the ankle.

Use of an electric current generated by a device and delivered through adhesive electrodes placed on the skin stimulating nerves to provide pain relief.

The loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain.

Syringomyelia is a neurological condition whereby a fluid-filled cavity or cyst has formed within the spinal cord.